Peru Prologue

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Causes
To begin, when the Inca tribe had been broken up, the Peruvian civilization was vulnerable and was then taken over by the Spanish in 1532. The rule of the Spanish over Peru continued for quite some time to come. Finally, around 1781 other Spanish colonies began to rebel against the Spanish rule in their own civilizations. These other revolutions are what influenced Peru’s idea of revolutionary action. By seeing that the other countries were fighting back against the Spanish to try to regain their freedom, showed Peru that they could do it too. Spain was not treating the people of Peru as fairly as they should be, so Peru was ready to rebel. The Spanished based government was increasing taxes on the Peruvian people, reorganizing who was in the government positions, and the taking the Ceroles out of the high positions. The people of Peru were able to take what they had learned from the countries that had already fought against Spain, and used it to better their own war for independence. With freedom from Spain on the brain, the Peruvian revolution began in 1821.



Timeline
1819 -Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish-American landowners and their forces, which was led by José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela

1821- Independence was eventually proclaimed when General San Martin entered Lima.

1845-1851, 1855-1862- Ramón Castilla, of Bolívar's marshals, led the nation to stability during his two terms of office.

1860-During Castilla's administrations, slavery was abolished, a new liberal constitution was adopted and construction of railroads began.

1866-One year after Castilla's second term ended, Peru became embroiled in a naval battle with Spain after the European power seized the guano-rich Chincha Islands. With the help of Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile, Peru defeated Spain and gained Spanish recognition of its independence

1872-Peru's first civilian president, Manuel Pardo, came to power.

1879- After Lima signed a secret defense alliance with Bolivia, it became involved in a war between Chile and Bolivia.

1879- The country became involved in a war between Bolivia and Chile after Lima signed a secret defense alliance with Bolivia.

1895-The Aristocratic Republic began with the popular "Revolution of 1895," led by the charismatic and irrepressible José Nicolás de Piérola

1894- José Nicolás de Piérola overthrew the increasingly dictator Cáceres. Who had gained the presidency after having placed Colonel Remigio Morales Bermúdez in power in 1890

Key Battles and Events
The wars of the Peruvian independence started in 1808 with the Battle of Baylen, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and Napoleon’s army had won this invasion. On February 3, 1813, the Mounted Grenadiers fought and were victorious of the first battle against the Spanish. In the gully of San Laorenzo also they arrived sailing, on ships from the port of Montevideo. Now San Martin gains control over the North Army in January of 1814. Now deciding San Martin wants to cross the Andes to get into Chile, which the government of Buenos Aires has to approve first. Which eventually did, in January of 1817 the crossing of the army began. There were around 4,000 men and enough cavalry, artillery, and provisions for a month. In 1818 they were still walking, they were getting closer to the capital of Chile, and on March 19th they attacked in the middle of the night and they lost. Since they had lost most of there men San Martin rounded up a new Chilean army to go fight for the last time for the independence of Peru. The Battle of Boyca ended like this the Spanish had at least 1,600 troops and several Spanish comrades. When they tried to cross a swamp they were captured at the end and the Peruvians had won. San Martin in July, 28, 1821 said “From this moment on, Peru is free and independent, by the general will of the people and justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live our independence!